

Layer-1s — What Has Happened and Where Are We Headed? by Binance Research


Binance Research provides key insights into the layer-1s sector in 2022, and where this space could be headed next year.

Considering the standards of 2022 and all that has happened in the crypto space, layer-1s (“L1s”) can still be said to have had a very interesting and eventful year. Many notable events have taken place in the L1 space over 2022. From Ethereum’s transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake in September to the implosion of the Terra ecosystem in May. New L1s were announced, with Aptos launching its mainnet and Sui expected early to do so next year. Notable incumbent, BNB Chain, and leading layer-2 (“L2”) solution, Polygon, gained market share in the vacuum left by Terra, while Solana had a more challenging year, being one of the L1s more impacted by the recent FTX saga. The year was rife with material events in arguably the most important sub-sector within crypto.
What has happened?
Figure 1: L1 / L2 market cap and daily on-chain metrics across 2022

Key Observations
• Market capitalization (market cap) is, of course, lower for a multitude of reasons that we are not going to dedicate this piece to. However, we should very clearly note that market cap does not necessarily correlate to very important on-chain metrics in terms of daily transactions and active addresses. As we can see, BNB Chain and Solana excel here, while Ethereum, despite the greater market cap, is evidently lower in terms of daily activity.
• Ethereum: The Merge! Since this topic has been covered ad nauseum by everyone and their cat, rather than repeating, we wanted to talk about its impact. Data shows that since completing the transition to proof-of-stake in mid-September, $ETH supply growth is massively down (from 3.58%/y to 0.005%/y). In fact, in combination with its burn mechanism, $ETH spent the majority of November as a deflationary asset and currently sits very close to that level.
• BNB Chain: a commendable year for BNB Chain, with market cap down only ~45% YTD, quite a bit better off than major competitors Ethereum (-64% YTD) and Solana (-90% YTD). BNB Chain was one of the major L1s helping onboard developers displaced by the Terra and FTX scandals. Daily activity metrics remain extremely high, with the launch of BNB Liquid Staking and zkBNB being notable highlights. Innovation and partnerships in the NFT space are also continuing in full swing, with OpenSea recently announcing support for BNB Chain NFTs on its platform.
• Solana / Avalanche: 2022 was challenging for the classic “alt-L1” trade of 2021. Solana saw some strong traction in their NFT ecosystem, with growth in collections, volumes and marketplaces. Avalanche saw positive headlines on the back of their Subnets, which offered scalability for decentralized applications (“dApps”), particularly in the gaming space. However, both alt-L1s have suffered from poor publicity (for Solana this came via the FTX scandal, while for Avalanche this was a product of some not-so-flattering news that got leaked a few months ago). Solana has also continued to suffer from regular outages, calling into question the reliability of the network.
• Layer 2s: While L2s are technically one step removed from the L1, any discussion on L1s is incomplete without at least commenting on the growing scaling market. Polygon is the no doubt leader here, with its numerous solutions across the board. It has been a strong year for Polygon, with their business development continuing to shine (Starbucks NFTs, Reddit NFTs, Instagram/Meta NFTs to name just a few recent headlines that Polygon has been behind). More pure-play L2s, Arbitrum and Optimism have also performed strongly over the past year and continued to increase activity / take market share from some of the smaller alt-L1s. The OP token’s launch was a notable moment for Optimism earlier this year, while Arbitrum continued to focus on their core product offerings with their launches of Arbitrum Nitro and Arbitrum Nova.
Expectations for 2023
Now that we have got some idea of how the major L1s have moved through the year and some of their notable events, what about the coming year? What are our tentative expectations?
L1s (particularly some of the smaller alt-L1s) will feel the pressure of L2s
• One of the major narratives of the year was so-called “L222” referring to 2022 being the breakout year for L2s. Did we see this? L2 total value locked (“TVL”) figures show that there was an increase of 118% (in ETH terms) since the start of the year. So, in a way, yes. It certainly has been the biggest year that L2s have had so far. However, in absolute terms, total TVL locked in L2s is only around US$4.5B. When we compare to total DeFi TVL in Ethereum (around US$25B), and total crypto market cap sitting near US$900B, we can contextualize how far L2s still have to climb.
• Consider also the fact that, as shown in Figure 1, both Arbitrum and Optimism exceed Avalanche in terms of daily on-chain activity. Add to this the increasing deployment of alt-L1s dApps on L2s e.g. Trader Joe of Avalanche recently announced their deployment on Arbitrum, and it will be interesting to monitor what happens with some of the smaller alt-L1s. There has been an idea that has been discussed among many in the crypto space that the major L1s will simply become settlement layers, while execution and activity happen on the L2s. While we are seeing a little bit of this already, 2023 might very well be the year that we see this happen on a much larger scale.
New L1s could survive if they truly bring something new to the table
• Consider the most well-known new entrants in the L1 space, Aptos (who went to mainnet in Q4 of this year) and Sui (who are expected to launch in early 2023). Both of these L1s bring various new innovations with them, including the Move programming language. Given the background of this language and all that it promises, alongside the potential increases in transaction speed with both L1s, there is a potential for some true innovation. It should be worth keeping a close eye on whether either or both of these L1s are able to utilize their new technologies to bring about a step change in the crypto market.
This is a guest post from CoinMarketCap with Binance Research. The original article was published here and was included in the final Build section of the 2023 CMC Crypto Playbook.
What is CoinMarketCap:
CoinMarketCap is the world's most-referenced price-tracking website for digital assets in the rapidly growing cryptocurrency space. Its mission is to make crypto discoverable and efficient globally by empowering retail users with unbiased, high-quality, and accurate information for drawing their own informed conclusions.
Where to find CoinMarketCap:
Website | Twitter | Telegram | LinkedIn |
What is Binance Research:
Binance Research is the research arm of Binance, the world's leading cryptocurrency exchange. The team is committed to delivering objective, independent, and comprehensive analysis and aims to be the thought leader in the crypto space. Our analysts publish insightful thought pieces regularly on topics related but not limited to, the crypto ecosystem, blockchain technologies, and the latest market themes.
Find more about Binance Research here:
Website | Twitter | Telegram |
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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Related News

“We do not agree with the characterization” of many of the U.S. commodities regulator’s allegations, Binance CEO CZ said.
CZ Defends Binance Practices
Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao (CZ) said the U.S. Commodities and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has given “an incomplete recitation of facts” in its recently filed civil complaint against the largest Centralized Exchange in crypto.
In an official response published by Binance, CZ said, “we do not agree with the characterization of many of the issues alleged in the” … “unexpected and disappointing civil complaint, despite our working cooperatively with the CFTC for over two years.”
He said, “At Binance, we look for amicable solutions to all problems. We are collaborative with regulators and government agencies all around the world. While we are not perfect, we hold ourselves to a high standard, often higher than what existing regulations require.”
The statement on Binance Blog follows CZ’s initial reaction on his personal Twitter account – “4” – which is a reference to his resolution not to respond to “fake news,” FUD or attacks on Binance.
CZ’s statement addresses certain allegations in the federal lawsuit against Binance, himself and former Chief Compliance Officer Samuel Lim from the U.S. commodities regulator, which is requesting a jury trial and seeking monetary penalties, permanent trading and registration bans, and a permanent injunction against further violations of the law.
In the statement, CZ defends Binance’s mandatory KYC program and technological applications, states that Binance has helped U.S. law enforcement freeze/seize nearly $300 million since the beginning of 2022, and declares that Binance has 16 registrations and licenses globally, the highest in the industry.
CZ also states that Binance does not trade to make profits, only to convert crypto revenues to cover expenses in fiat or other cryptocurrencies.
“Personally, I have two accounts at Binance: one for Binance Card, one for my crypto holdings. I eat our own dog food and store my crypto on Binance.com. I also need to convert crypto from time-to-time to pay for my personal expenses or for the Card,” CZ said.
CZ said he strictly observes company policies on trading, including minimum holds of 90 days on any token purchased, and has never participated in Binance offerings such as Launchpad, Earn, Margin or Futures.
“I know the best use of my time is to build a solid platform that services our users,” CZ said.
The CFTC lawsuit has apparently already impacted confidence in Binance and the broader crypto market, and will continue to be a source of uncertainty and speculation as it progresses. However, some observers are already questioning the substance of the complaint, the current relevance of the allegations since Binance updated its KYC policies several years ago, and the potential outcome of the proceedings beyond Binance paying a substantial (but feasible) fine.
Twitter user Rocket, who claims to be an “actual attorney,” posted their observations and predictions in a thread, equating Binance's situation with that of traditional banks who elect to pay fines rather than follow unworkable regulations.
This is similar to JPM or Goldman knowingly manipulating metals markets, making $50bn, and paying $50mm in fines. It’s a good trade.
— Rocket (@RocketTrades9) March 27, 2023
“Lawsuit is a punitive measure based on 2019 issues and will be settled for sub-$100mm,” said Rocket, who is followed by CZ on Twitter.
What is Binance:
Binance positions itself as the world’s leading blockchain ecosystem and crypto-asset infrastructure provider with a financial product suite that includes the largest digital asset exchange by volume. The Binance platform aims to increase the freedom of money for users and features a comprehensive portfolio of crypto-asset products and offerings, including trading and finance, education, data and research, social good, investment and incubation, decentralization, and infrastructure solutions.
Where to find Binance:
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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Users stand a chance to earn from a prize pool of 11,000,000 FLOKI worth over $3,000 USDT. To participate, users must trade FLOKI on the BigONE exchange within a given period.
Mega Reward Program
Following the listing on BigONE exchange, Floki has launched a mega giveaway campaign for users. Participants can win from a prize pool of 110,000,000 $FLOKI.
The giveaway campaign, worth over $3,000, commenced on March 28 at 11:00 UTC and will end on April 4. Per the exchange’s tweet on March 28, users must deposit or trade the $FLOKI token to become eligible to participate and earn rewards.
The giveaway campaign is divided into three different categories:
- Deposit To Win.
- Trade Ranking Award.
- Sunshine Award.
For Deposit To Win, users who deposit over 5,600,000 FLOKI above $200 will be rewarded 50,000,000 FLOKI. The FLOKI deposit will be calculated in net deposit, and rewards will be based on the percentage of net deposit volume.
Trade Ranking Award rewards users who trade FLOKI/USDT based on their trading volume during the campaign period. Floki will reward the best 15 traders on the exchange, and the top three traders need to trade at least 2,000 USDT. The top trader would earn 16,000,000 FLOKI, while the second and third would be rewarded with 13,000,000 and 11,000,000 FLOKI tokens, respectively.
In the Sunshine Award category, 20 participants who trade over 100 USDT will receive 255,000 each on a first-come, first-served basis. The rewards for each category will be distributed within seven days after the campaign ends.
For more information about the giveaway campaign, read the BigONE official blog.
What is Floki:
Floki Inu began with a tweet from Elon Musk. When the billionaire announced he would name his Shiba Inu puppy Floki, it created a deluge of ‘Floki’ dogcoins. The most successful of these is Floki Inu. Floki Inu is currently the market's third most popular meme token, behind Dogecoin and Shiba Inu. It is backed by a community of committed enthusiasts and a strong marketing campaign.
Where to find Floki:
Website | Twitter | Telegram | Discord |
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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Miidas IDO Sells Out Within Minutes on ArcherSwap DEX, Warns Against Scam
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The private sale sold out within minutes, while the public sale will end on March 28 at 13:00 UTC. Already, users have contributed over 1900% on the launchpad.
Miidas IDO on ArcherSwap Records Massive Interest
Miidas Initial DEX Offering (IDO) on ArcherSwap’s BowPad, has recorded outstanding progress on the Core chain.
The leading Non-Fungible Token (NFT) platform on the Layer-1 chain launched the IDO for its native $Miidas token. The IDO comprises both private and public sales. According to ArcherSwap Decentralized Exchange (DEX), users filled out 7306% of the private sale, which went live on March 27.
The public sale commenced on March 28 at 1:00 UTC, and already, users have filled over 1900% of the $30,000 to be raised. Following the successful IDO on the leading Core-based DEX, Miidas took to Twitter to warn users over fake $Miidas tokens.
Considering the successful sale on ArcherSwap, it's no surprise that perpetrators are trying their best to scam users. With this in mind, BSC News urges users to interact with the ongoing IDO on ArcherSwap. The public sale will end on March 28 at 13:00 UTC, and users need $WCORE to participate.
Read Miidas IDO details for more information about the ongoing public sale. Also, Do Your Own Research (DYOR) before investing in any token.
What is Core DAO:
Core DAO is the official decentralized organization developing the Satoshi Plus ecosystem. It represents an opportunity for miners to access new revenue streams by contributing hash power to the chain. Inspired by the principles of both blockchains, Core displays a deep appreciation for the crypto ecosystem's history and an even greater excitement for Core’s role in its future.
Where to find Core DAO:
Website | Docs | Twitter | Discord
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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A look at Pi Network’s Developer Resources For Testnet Ecosystem

The testnet developer resources enhance the creation of Pi utilities, which is a prerequisite for the highly anticipated open mainnet launch.
Supporting the Creation of Pi Utilities
The Pi core team made several improvements to the testnet developer resources to support its enclosed mainnet goal of creating utilities for Pioneers.
According to the protocol’s Pi day announcement, two core improvements were added to the testnet to enhance the creation of unique innovations for developers. They include App to User Payments and Developer Wallet.
Both releases, live on the testnet, allow for the development of the Pi ecosystem. App to User Payment ensures that payment flows between members and developers. On the other hand, Developer Wallets allows app creators to utilize Pi in developing their infrastructure.
“App to User payments enables payment flows between app developers and members. Developer Wallets were released on Testnet, as specific wallets, for app developers to hold and utilize Pi for the apps they are developing,” the blog read.
Pi developers and the core team are tasked with testing both features to detect flaws ahead of open mainnet. Once they are secure and reliable, they will be integrated into the Pi Network open mainnet soon.
Overall, the developer resources added to the Pi testnet will support the collaborative building process for Pioneers and community developers. Most importantly, it is a huge step towards the highly anticipated open mainnet launch.
What is Pi Network:
Pi Network is a novel cryptocurrency and developer platform allowing mobile users to mine Pi coins without draining the battery. Pi’s blockchain secures economic transactions via a mobile meritocracy system and a full Web 3.0 experience where community developers can build decentralized applications (Dapps) for millions of users.
Where to find Pi Network:
Website | Twitter | LinkedIn | Facebook | Instagram |
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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The U.S. commodities regulator accuses Binance and CEO CZ of ‘willful evasion’ of US federal law.
CFTC Sues Binance
The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has sued Binance and CEO Changpeng Zhao (CZ), alleging that the world’s largest cryptocurrency Centralized Exchange committed “numerous violations” of U.S. laws.
The civil complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois on Monday, March 27.
According to a press release announcing the filing, the CFTC alleges that Binance “chose to knowingly disregard applicable provisions of the [Commodity Exchange Act (CEA)] while engaging in a calculated strategy of regulatory arbitrage to their commercial benefit.”
The derivatives markets regulator is also accusing former Chief Compliance Officer Samuel Lim of aiding and abetting the alleged illegal activity.
The CFTC is seeking monetary penalties, permanent trading and registration bans, and a permanent injunction against further violations of the law.
“Today’s enforcement action demonstrates that there is no location, or claimed lack of location, that will prevent the CFTC from protecting American investors. I have been clear that the CFTC will continue to use all of its authority to find and stop misconduct in the volatile and risky digital asset market,” CFTC Chairman Rostin Behnam said. “For years, Binance knew they were violating CFTC rules, working actively to both keep the money flowing and avoid compliance. This should be a warning to anyone in the digital asset world that the CFTC will not tolerate willful avoidance of U.S. law.”
Honing in on Binance’s “commodity derivatives transactions to and for U.S. persons,” the 74-page complaint contains numerous allegations and assertions about Binance, including references to what CFTC says are excerpts from Binance’s internal company chat messages.
“Defendants’ alleged willful evasion of U.S. law is at the core of the Commission’s complaint against Binance. The defendants’ own emails and chats reflect that Binance’s compliance efforts have been a sham and Binance deliberately chose – over and over – to place profits over following the law,” said Gretchen Lowe, CFTC’s Enforcement Division Principal Deputy Director and Chief Counsel.
The complaint’s allegations against Binance include:
- Shortcomings in compliance controls (some deliberate)
- Lack of KYC verification
- Failure to implement basic measures to prevent terrorist financing and money laundering
- Deliberately assisting U.S. VIP customers on how to evade compliance controls
- Failure to register with the CFTC.
The complaint also accuses Binance et al of intentionally structuring entities to avoid U.S. registration requirements.
The complaint singles out CZ for allegedly “devising the secret plot to instruct U.S.-based VIP customers to evade Binance’s compliance controls and instructing Binance employees to ensure all communications about their control subversion took place over applications that facilitated the automatic destruction of evidence,” according to the CFTC press release.
After news broke of the suit’s filing, CZ tweeted a one character response: “4”.
That’s a reference to his New Year’s resolution to “Ignore FUD, fake news, attacks etc.”
4
— CZ 🔶 Binance (@cz_binance) March 27, 2023
The CFTC’s action against Binance occurs amidst a period of regulatory uncertainty in the U.S., when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has attempted to also take on an increasingly active role in regulating cryptocurrencies.
What is Binance:
Binance positions itself as the world’s leading blockchain ecosystem and crypto-asset infrastructure provider with a financial product suite that includes the largest digital asset exchange by volume. The Binance platform aims to increase the freedom of money for users and features a comprehensive portfolio of crypto-asset products and offerings, including trading and finance, education, data and research, social good, investment and incubation, decentralization, and infrastructure solutions.
Where to find Binance:
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $1500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
This is a paid press release, BSC.News does not endorse and is not responsible for or liable for any content, accuracy, quality, advertising, products, or other materials on this page. The project team has purchased this advertisement article for $2500. Readers should do their own research before taking any actions related to the company. BSC.News is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services mentioned in the press release.
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